ROOT CANAL DENTICLES: ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSTIC ANATOMY AND CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT
Keywords:
root canal anatomy, pulp stones, denticles, mineralization, CBCT, endodontics, true denticles, false denticles, prevalence, calcified nodules, diagnostic imagingAbstract
Root canal denticles—commonly termed pulp stones—are discrete calcified structures that occur within the dental pulp space, including the coronal chamber and radicular canals. They represent one of the most frequent mineralization phenomena in endodontic anatomy and are encountered as free, adherent, or embedded bodies within the pulp tissue. Histologically, denticles may be classified as true (dentin with tubules and odontoblastic lining) or false (concentric calcified masses around a central nidus of degenerating tissue or collagen). The formation of denticles is multifactorial, influenced by age‑related pulp changes, local irritants, systemic influences and genetic predisposition. Denticles can significantly alter the morphological complexity of the root canal system, impeding effective debridement and shaping during endodontic therapy. Modern diagnostic modalities, especially three‑dimensional imaging such as CBCT, enhance visualization of mineralized structures, improving treatment planning. Contemporary management focuses on preventive recognition, careful access preparation, and use of magnification and ultrasonic instrumentation to negotiate calcified canals. Understanding denticle morphology and distribution remains essential for clinicians to optimize endodontic outcomes and preserve tooth structure
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