Prevalence and risk factors of arterial hypertension in urban vs. rural populations

Abstract

Arterial hypertension is a leading global health problem and a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This review examines the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among urban and rural populations, highlighting differences and emerging similarities influenced by rapid urbanization and lifestyle transitions. Evidence from studies across various regions shows that hypertension remains more prevalent in urban settings due to factors such as sedentary behavior, high dietary salt intake, obesity, and psychological stress. However, the prevalence in rural populations is steadily increasing as a result of changing lifestyles, dietary patterns, and improved disease detection. Socioeconomic status, healthcare access, and awareness levels further contribute to the observed disparities in hypertension burden between urban and rural areas. The findings suggest that hypertension is no longer confined to urban environments but is becoming a universal concern. Addressing this growing problem requires integrated, community-specific prevention and management strategies that combine lifestyle modification, health education, and equitable access to healthcare services.