SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF TRADITIONAL SMOKING AND VAPING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA IN YOUNG ADULTS
Keywords:
Lung adenocarcinoma; Electronic cigarettes (vaping); Youth population; Carcinogenesis; Oxidative stress; DNA damage; EGFR mutation; KRAS mutation; ALK rearrangement; Inflammation; Genotoxicity; Risk factors; Public healthAbstract
This article explores the increasing incidence of lung adenocarcinoma among young individuals, a trend no longer limited to older populations. While traditional smoking remains the main risk factor, the rapid rise of electronic cigarette use has introduced new harmful exposures affecting lung tissue.
The paper highlights key molecular mechanisms, including oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, DNA damage, and epigenetic changes, which lead to mutations in genes such as EGFR, KRAS, and ALK. It also emphasizes the role of toxic substances in e-cigarette aerosols in promoting carcinogenesis.
Additionally, social and psychological factors—such as peer pressure, marketing strategies, and the perception of vaping as safe—are discussed as drivers of increased use among youth. The article concludes that lung adenocarcinoma in young people results from a combination of environmental and genetic factors, underscoring the need for better regulation, awareness, and early detection strategies.
References
1.Torre, L. A., et al. (2026). Global cancer statistics 2026: Incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 35, 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-26-0241
2.Hecht, S. S. (2024). Lung carcinogenesis: Mechanisms and biomarkers. Nature Reviews Cancer, 24, 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-024-0189-y
3.Pfeifer, G. P., et al. (2025). Mutational signatures of tobacco smoke in human cancer. Oncogene, 44, 1230–1245. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-025-1230-x
4.American Cancer Society. (2022). Cancer facts & figures 2022. https://www.cancer.org (https://www.cancer.org/)
5.Walley, S. C., et al. (2026). Electronic cigarettes and child health: A policy statement. Pediatrics, 157(2), e20251102. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2025-1102
6.Tehrani, M. W., et al. (2025). Chemical analysis of aerosols from modern nicotine delivery systems. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 38, 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2025.567
7.Liu, B., et al. (2025). Molecular landscape of lung adenocarcinoma in young adults. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 20(3), 412–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2025.03.412
8.Fu, X., et al. (2025). Trends in lung cancer incidence among non-smokers. Lung Cancer, 189, 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2025.107115
9.Goniewicz, M. L., et al. (2026). Exposure to toxicants among users of next-generation tobacco products. The Lancet Public Health, 11, e98–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(26)00098-5
10.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2024). Smoking cessation: A report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Government Printing Office.
11.Gotts, J. E., et al. (2024). What are the respiratory effects of e-cigarettes? American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 209, 120–135. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2023-120OC
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Andijon viloyati, Shahrixon tumani
(+998) 945668868