Risk Factors Contributing to Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Impact on Public Health

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of global mortality and morbidity, influenced by both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors. Age, gender, and genetic predisposition determine baseline susceptibility, while hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and psychosocial stress accelerate disease progression. These factors promote endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and thrombosis, leading to clinical outcomes such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure. Effective prevention strategies, including lifestyle modification, early detection, medical treatment, and public health initiatives, can significantly reduce the incidence, severity, and societal burden of CVDs. Understanding the interplay of risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms is essential for improving cardiovascular health outcomes.